SQL语句入门:SQL插入语句
来源:长沙it培训|发布时间:2017-05-02|浏览量:
SQL最常见的语句便是SQL插入语句了,常用的SQL插入语句有哪些?我们在插入数据到数据库中的时候,常用的SQL插入语句如下:
INSERT INTO table1(id, name, address) VALUES(1, ygl, 'beijing')——适用于T-sql和PL/SQL;
SELECT id, name, address INTO table2 FROM table1——自动创建table2,T-sql用法;
INSERT INTO table2(id, name, address) SELECT id, name, address FROM table1
这里简单说一下第三句SQL插入语句,由于可以指定插入到talbe2中的列,以及可以通过相对较复杂的查询语句进行数据源获取,可能使用起来会更加的灵活一些,但我们也必须注意,我们在指定目标表的列时,一定要将所有非空列都填上,否则将无法进行数据插入,还有一点比较容易出错的地方就是,当我们写成如下简写格式:
INSERT INTO table2 SELECT id, name, address FROM table1
此时,我们如果略掉了目标表的列的话,则默认会对目标表的全部列进行数据插入,且SELECT后面的列的顺序 必须和目标表中的列的定义顺序完全一致 才能完成正确的数据插入,这是一个很容易被忽略的地方。
插入一行或多行到目标表中
-- single row
INSERT INTO Sales.MyOrders(custid, empid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight)
VALUES(2, 19, '20120620', N'USA', 30.00);
-- relying on defaults
INSERT INTO Sales.MyOrders(custid, empid, shipcountry, freight)
VALUES(3, 11, N'USA', 10.00);
INSERT INTO Sales.MyOrders(custid, empid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight)
VALUES(3, 17, DEFAULT, N'USA', 30.00);
-- multiple rows
INSERT INTO Sales.MyOrders(custid, empid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight) VALUES
(2, 11, '20120620', N'USA', 50.00),
(5, 13, '20120620', N'USA', 40.00),
(7, 17, '20120620', N'USA', 45.00);
注:如果要更新自增字段需要把IDENTITY_INSERT选项开启,用完后记得关闭
SET IDENTITY_INSERT <table> ON;
INSERT SELECT
把select 语句的查询结果插入到表中,这个中方法要比上面的INSERT VALUES 效率高
SET IDENTITY_INSERT Sales.MyOrders ON;
INSERT INTO Sales.MyOrders(orderid, custid, empid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight)
SELECT orderid, custid, empid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight
FROM Sales.Orders
WHERE shipcountry = N'Norway';
SET IDENTITY_INSERT Sales.MyOrders OFF;
INSERT EXEC
该语句可以让你把动态语句或者存储过程的结果插入表格。
-- create procedure
IF OBJECT_ID(N'Sales.OrdersForCountry', N'P') IS NOT NULL
DROP PROC Sales.OrdersForCountry;
GO
CREATE PROC Sales.OrdersForCountry
@country AS NVARCHAR(15)
AS
SELECT orderid, custid, empid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight
FROM Sales.Orders
WHERE shipcountry = @country;
GO
-- insert the result of the procedure
SET IDENTITY_INSERT Sales.MyOrders ON;
INSERT INTO Sales.MyOrders(orderid, custid, empid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight)
EXEC Sales.OrdersForCountry
@country = N'Portugal';
SET IDENTITY_INSERT Sales.MyOrders OFF;
对于动态SQL,或者类似DBCC这种非常规的SQL语句,都可以通过这种方式来保存结果集。
CREATE TABLE test_dbcc
(
TraceFlag VARCHAR(100) ,
Status TINYINT ,
Global TINYINT ,
Session TINYINT
)
INSERT INTO test_dbcc
EXEC ( 'DBCC TRACESTATUS'
)
注:不能嵌套使用insert exec语句 ,可以用以下方式变动(这里直接拷贝参考文章中的内容。我没试验过)
1.首先到打开服务器选项Ad Hoc Distributed Queries
exec sp_configure 'show advanced options',1
RECONFIGURE
GO
exec sp_configure 'Ad Hoc Distributed Queries',1
RECONFIGURE
GO
2. 通过OPENROWSET连接到本机,运行存储过程,取得结果集
--使用Windows认证
SELECT *
INTO #JobInfo_S1
FROM OPENROWSET('sqloledb', 'server=(local);trusted_connection=yes',
'exec msdb.dbo.sp_help_job')
--使用SQL Server认证
SELECT *
INTO #JobInfo_S2
FROM OPENROWSET('SQLOLEDB', '127.0.0.1'; 'sa'; 'sa_password',
'exec msdb.dbo.sp_help_job')
这样的写法,既免去了手动建表的麻烦,也可以避免insert exec 无法嵌套的问题。几乎所有SQL语句都可以使用。
--dbcc不能直接运行
SELECT a.*
INTO #t
FROM OPENROWSET('SQLOLEDB', '127.0.0.1'; 'sa'; 'sa_password',
'dbcc log(''master'',3)') AS a
--可以变通一下
SELECT a.*
INTO #t
FROM OPENROWSET('SQLOLEDB', '127.0.0.1'; 'sa'; 'sa_password',
'exec(''DBCC LOG(''''master'''',3)'')') AS a
SELECT INTO
该语句不需要我们事先建立目标表,而是直接拷贝数据源或者查询结果数据定义:比如列名,类型,是否为空,自增等来建立目标表。
-- simple SELECT INTO
IF OBJECT_ID(N'Sales.MyOrders', N'U') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE Sales.MyOrders;
SELECT orderid, custid, orderdate, shipcountry, freight
INTO Sales.MyOrders
FROM Sales.Orders
WHERE shipcountry = N'Norway';
通过以下存储可以查看查询返回字段的结构,注意name,system_type_name,is_nullable.
EXEC sp_describe_first_result_set N'SELECT * FROM Sales.Customers;';
利用select into 生成一个空表
select * into #temp from sysobjects where 1=2
实际插入案例
1) 学生表插入
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[Students_Insert]
(
@ID INT ,
@LASTNAME VARCHAR(50) ,
@FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(50) ,
@STATE VARCHAR(50) ,
@PHONE VARCHAR(50) ,
@EMAIL VARCHAR(50) ,
@GRADYEAR INT ,
@GPA DECIMAL(20, 10) ,
@PROGRAM VARCHAR(50) ,
@NEWSLETTER BIT
)
AS
BEGIN
--Check to make sure the ID does not already exist
--If it does, return error
DECLARE @existing AS INT = 0
SELECT @existing = COUNT(ID)
FROM Students
WHERE ID = @ID
IF @existing > 0
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('ID already exists', 1, 1)
RETURN 0
END
--Format GPA as 2 decimal places
DECLARE @TwoDecimalGPA AS DECIMAL(3, 2)
SELECT @TwoDecimalGPA = CAST(@GPA AS NUMERIC(3, 2))
--Make sure GPA is within range
IF ( ( @TwoDecimalGPA > 4 )
OR ( @TwoDecimalGPA < 0 )
)
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('GPA value is invalid', 1, 1)
RETURN 0
END
--Attempt insert
INSERT INTO [dbo].[Students]
( [ID] ,
[LASTNAME] ,
[FIRSTNAME] ,
[STATE] ,
[PHONE] ,
[EMAIL] ,
[GRADYEAR] ,
[GPA] ,
[PROGRAM] ,
[NEWSLETTER]
)
VALUES ( @ID ,
@LASTNAME ,
@FIRSTNAME ,
@STATE ,
@PHONE ,
@EMAIL ,
@GRADYEAR ,
@TwoDecimalGPA ,
@PROGRAM ,
@NEWSLETTER
)
--check to see if insert occured
--and return status
IF @@ROWCOUNT = 1
RETURN 1
ELSE
RETURN 0
END
GO
2) 循环插入
-----SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据-----
DECLARE @i INT
SET @i = 1
WHILE @i < 30
BEGIN
INSERT INTO test
( userid )
VALUES ( @i )
SET @i = @i + 1
END
--案例:
--有如下表,要求就裱中所有沒有及格的成績,在每次增長0.1的基礎上,使他們剛好及格:
-- Name score
-- Zhangshan 80
-- Lishi 59
-- Wangwu 50
-- Songquan 69
WHILE ( ( SELECT MIN(score)
FROM tb_table
) < 60 )
BEGIN
UPDATE tb_table
SET score = score * 1.01
WHERE score < 60
IF ( SELECT MIN(score)
FROM tb_table
) > 60
BREAK
ELSE
CONTINUE
END
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