sql常用查询语句（附查询语句实例）
来源：长沙it培训|发布时间：2017-03-29|浏览量：
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QQ咨询简单的Transact-SQL查询语句包括选择列表、FROM子句和WHERE子句；它们分别说明所查询列、查询的表或视图、以及搜索条件等，下文列举了简单查询及复杂查询语句，以及以学生表、课程表等为例，讲解不同需求下的SQL语句的写法，以供参考。
常用SQL查询语句
一、复杂查询
1. 数据分组(max,min,avg,sum,count)
SQL>SELECT MAX(sal),MIN(age),AVG(sal),SUM(sal) from emp;
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp where sal=(SELECT MAX(sal) from emp));
SQL>SELEC COUNT(*) FROM emp;
2. group by(用于对查询结果的分组统计) 和 having子句(用于限制分组显示结果)
SQL>SELECT deptno,MAX(sal),AVG(sal) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;
SQL>SELECT deptno, job, AVG(sal),MIN(sal) FROM emp group by deptno,job having AVG(sal)<2000;
对于数据分组的总结：
a. 分组函数只能出现在选择列表、having、order by子句中(不能出现在where中)
b. 如果select语句中同时包含有group by, having, order by，那么它们的顺序是group by, having, order by。
c. 在选择列中如果有列、表达式和分组函数，那么这些列和表达式必须出现在group by子句中，否则就是会出错。
使用group by不是使用having的前提条件。
3. 多表查询
SQL>SELECT e.name,e.sal,d.dname FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno=d.deptno order by d.deptno;
SQL>SELECT e.ename,e.sal,s.grade FROM emp e,salgrade s WHER e.sal BETWEEN s.losal AND s.hisal;
4. 自连接(指同一张表的连接查询)
SQL>SELECT er.ename, ee.ename mgr_name from emp er, emp ee where er.mgr=ee.empno;
5. 子查询(嵌入到其他sql语句中的select语句，也叫嵌套查询)
5.1 单行子查询
SQL>SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE deptno=(SELECT deptno FROM emp where ename='SMITH');查询表中与smith同部门的人员名字。因为返回结果只有一行，所以用“=”连接子查询语句
5.2 多行子查询
SQL>SELECT ename,job,sal,deptno from emp WHERE job IN (SELECT DISTINCT job FROM emp WHERE deptno=10);查询表中与部门号为10的工作相同的员工的姓名、工作、薪水、部门号。因为返回结果有多行，所以用“IN”连接子查询语句。
in与exists的区别：
exists() 后面的子查询被称做相关子查询，它是不返回列表的值的。只是返回一个ture或false的结果，其运行方式是先运行主查询一次，再去子查询里查询与其对 应的结果。如果是ture则输出，反之则不输出。再根据主查询中的每一行去子查询里去查询。in()后面的子查询，是返回结果集的，换句话说执行次序和 exists()不一样。子查询先产生结果集，然后主查询再去结果集里去找符合要求的字段列表去。符合要求的输出，反之则不输出。
5.3 使用ALL
SQL>SELECT ename,sal,deptno FROM emp WHERE sal> ALL (SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);或SQL>SELECT ename,sal,deptno FROM emp WHERE sal> (SELECT MAX(sal) FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);查询工资比部门号为30号的所有员工工资都高的员工的姓名、薪水和部门号。以上两个语句在功能上是一样的，但执行效率上，函数会高 得多。
5.4 使用ANY
SQL>SELECT ename,sal,deptno FROM emp WHERE sal> ANY (SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);或SQL>SELECT ename,sal,deptno FROM emp WHERE sal> (SELECT MIN(sal) FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);查询工资比部门号为30号的任意一个员工工资高(只要比某一员工工资高即可)的员工的姓名、薪水和部门号。以上两个语句在功能上是 一样的，但执行效率上，函数会高得多。
5.5 多列子查询
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp WHERE (job, deptno)=(SELECT job, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename='SMITH');
5.6 在from子句中使用子查询
SQL>SELECT emp.deptno,emp.ename,emp.sal,t_avgsal.avgsal FROM emp,(SELECT emp.deptno,avg(emp.sal) avgsal FROM emp GROUP BY emp.deptno) t_avgsal where emp.deptno=t_avgsal.deptno AND emp.sal>t_avgsal.avgsal ORDER BY emp.deptno;
5.7 分页查询
数据库的每行数据都有一个对应的行号，称为rownum.
SQL>SELECT a2.* FROM (SELECT a1.*, ROWNUM rn FROM (SELECT * FROM emp ORDER BY sal) a1 WHERE ROWNUM<=10) a2 WHERE rn>=6;
指定查询列、查询结果排序等，都只需要修改最里层的子查询即可。
5.8 用查询结果创建新表
SQL>CREATE TABLE mytable (id,name,sal,job,deptno) AS SELECT empno,ename,sal,job,deptno FROM emp;
5.9 合并查询(union 并集, intersect 交集, union all 并集+交集, minus差集)
SQL>SELECT ename, sal, job FROM emp WHERE sal>2500 UNION(INTERSECT/UNION ALL/MINUS) SELECT ename, sal, job FROM emp WHERE job='MANAGER';
合并查询的执行效率远高于and,or等逻辑查询。
5.10 使用子查询插入数据
SQL>CREATE TABLE myEmp(empID number(4), name varchar2(20), sal number(6), job varchar2(10), dept number(2)); 先建一张空表;
SQL>INSERT INTO myEmp(empID, name, sal, job, dept) SELECT empno, ename, sal, job, deptno FROM emp WHERE deptno=10; 再将emp表中部门号为10的数据插入到新表myEmp中，实现数据的批量查询。
5.11 使用了查询更新表中的数据
SQL>UPDATE emp SET(job, sal, comm)=(SELECT job, sal, comm FROM emp where ename='SMITH') WHERE ename='SCOTT';
二、简单查询语句
1. 查看表结构
SQL>DESC emp;
2. 查询所有列
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp;
3. 查询指定列
SQL>SELECT empmo, ename, mgr FROM emp;
SQL>SELECT DISTINCT mgr FROM emp; 只显示结果不同的项
4. 查询指定行
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp WHERE job='CLERK';
5. 使用算术表达式
SQL>SELECT ename, sal*13+nvl(comm,0) FROM emp;
nvl(comm,1)的意思是，如果comm中有值，则nvl(comm,1)=comm; comm中无值，则nvl(comm,1)=0。
SQL>SELECT ename, sal*13+nvl(comm,0) year_sal FROM emp; (year_sal为别名，可按别名排序)
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp WHERE hiredate>'01-1月-82';
6. 使用like操作符(%，_)
%表示一个或多个字符，_表示一个字符，[charlist]表示字符列中的任何单一字符，[^charlist]或者[!charlist]不在字符列中的任何单一字符。
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename like 'S__T%';
7. 在where条件中使用In
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp WHERE job IN ('CLERK','ANALYST');
8. 查询字段内容为空/非空的语句
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp WHERE mgr IS/IS NOT NULL;
9. 使用逻辑操作符号
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp WHERE (sal>500 or job='MANAGE') and ename like 'J%';
10. 将查询结果按字段的值进行排序
SQL>SELECT * FROM emp ORDER BY deptno, sal DESC; (按部门升序，并按薪酬降序)
附：50条SQL查询技巧、查询语句示例：
1、查询“001”课程比“002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号;
代码如下：
select a.S# from (select s#,score from SC where C#='001') a,(select s#,score
from SC where C#='002') b
where a.score>b.score and a.s#=b.s#;
2、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩;
代码如下：
select S#,avg(score)
from sc
group by S# having avg(score) >60;
3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;
代码如下：
select Student.S#,Student.Sname,count(SC.C#),sum(score)
from Student left Outer join SC on Student.S#=SC.S#
group by Student.S#,Sname
4、查询姓“李”的老师的个数;
代码如下：
select count(distinct(Tname))
from Teacher
where Tname like '李%';
5、查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名;
代码如下：
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select distinct( SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平');
6、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名;
代码如下：
select Student.S#,Student.Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#='001'and exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#='002');
7、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
代码如下：
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# in (select S# from SC ,Course ,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平' group by S# having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname='叶平'));
8、查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名;
代码如下：
Select S#,Sname from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,(select score from SC SC_2 where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2
from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 where score2
9、查询所有课程成绩小于60分的同学的学号、姓名;
代码如下：
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select Student.S# from Student,SC where S.S#=SC.S# and score>60);
10、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
代码如下：
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# group by Student.S#,Student.Sname having count(C#) <(select count(C#) from Course);
11、查询至少有一门课与学号为“1001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名;
代码如下：
select S#,Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in select C# from SC where S#='1001';
12、查询至少学过学号为“001”同学所有一门课的其他同学学号和姓名;
代码如下：
select distinct SC.S#,Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in (select C# from SC where S#='001');
13、把“SC”表中“叶平”老师教的课的成绩都更改为此课程的平均成绩;
代码如下：
update SC set score=(select avg(SC_2.score)
from SC SC_2
where SC_2.C#=SC.C# ) from Course,Teacher where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平');
14、查询和“1002”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名;
代码如下：
select S# from SC where C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1002')
group by S# having count(*)=(select count(*) from SC where S#='1002');
15、删除学习“叶平”老师课的SC表记录;
代码如下：
Delect SC
from course ,Teacher
where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#= Teacher.T# and Tname='叶平';
16、向SC表中插入一些记录，这些记录要求符合以下条件：没有上过编号“003”课程的同学学号、2、号课的平均成绩;
代码如下：
Insert SC select S#,'002',(Select avg(score)
from SC where C#='002') from Student where S# not in (Select S# from SC where C#='002');
17、按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的“数据库”、“企业管理”、“英语”三门的课程成绩，按如下形式显示： 学生ID,,数据库,企业管理,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分
代码如下：
SELECT S# as 学生ID
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='004') AS 数据库
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='001') AS 企业管理
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='006') AS 英语
,COUNT(*) AS 有效课程数, AVG(t.score) AS 平均成绩
FROM SC AS t
GROUP BY S#
ORDER BY avg(t.score)
18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分：以如下形式显示：课程ID，最高分，最低分
代码如下：
SELECT L.C# As 课程ID,L.score AS 最高分,R.score AS 最低分
FROM SC L ,SC AS R
WHERE L.C# = R.C# and
L.score = (SELECT MAX(IL.score)
FROM SC AS IL,Student AS IM
WHERE L.C# = IL.C# and IM.S#=IL.S#
GROUP BY IL.C#)
AND
R.Score = (SELECT MIN(IR.score)
FROM SC AS IR
WHERE R.C# = IR.C#
GROUP BY IR.C#
);
19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序
代码如下：
SELECT t.C# AS 课程号,max(course.Cname)AS 课程名,isnull(AVG(score),0) AS 平均成绩
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) AS 及格百分数
FROM SC T,Course
where t.C#=course.C#
GROUP BY t.C#
ORDER BY 100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) DESC
20、查询如下课程平均成绩和及格率的百分数(用"1行"显示): 企业管理(001)，马克思(002)，OO&UML (003)，数据库(004)
代码如下：
SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN C# ='001' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理及格百分数
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思及格百分数
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML及格百分数
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库及格百分数
FROM SC
21、查询不同老师所教不同课程平均分从高到低显示
代码如下：
SELECT max(Z.T#) AS 教师ID,MAX(Z.Tname) AS 教师姓名,C.C# AS 课程ID,MAX(C.Cname) AS 课程名称,AVG(Score) AS 平均成绩
FROM SC AS T,Course AS C ,Teacher AS Z
where T.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Z.T#
GROUP BY C.C#
ORDER BY AVG(Score) DESC
22、查询如下课程成绩第 3 名到第 6 名的学生成绩单：企业管理(001)，马克思(002)，UML (003)，数据库(004) [学生ID],[学生姓名],企业管理,马克思,UML,数据库,平均成绩
代码如下：
SELECT DISTINCT top 3
SC.S# As 学生学号,
Student.Sname AS 学生姓名 ,
T1.score AS 企业管理,
T2.score AS 马克思,
T3.score AS UML,
T4.score AS 数据库,
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) as 总分
FROM Student,SC LEFT JOIN SC AS T1
ON SC.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = '001'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T2
ON SC.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = '002'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T3
ON SC.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = '003'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T4
ON SC.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = '004'
WHERE student.S#=SC.S# and
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)
NOT IN
(SELECT
DISTINCT
TOP 15 WITH TIES
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)
FROM sc
LEFT JOIN sc AS T1
ON sc.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = 'k1'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T2
ON sc.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = 'k2'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T3
ON sc.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = 'k3'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T4
ON sc.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = 'k4'
ORDER BY ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) DESC);
23、统计列印各科成绩,各分数段人数:课程ID,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[ <60]
代码如下：
SELECT SC.C# as 课程ID, Cname as 课程名称
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 85 AND 100 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [100 - 85]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 70 AND 85 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [85 - 70]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 60 AND 70 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [70 - 60]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score < 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [60 -]
FROM SC,Course
where SC.C#=Course.C#
GROUP BY SC.C#,Cname;
24、查询学生平均成绩及其名次
代码如下：
SELECT 1+(SELECT COUNT( distinct 平均成绩)
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) AS 平均成绩
FROM SC
GROUP BY S#
) AS T1
WHERE 平均成绩 > T2.平均成绩) as 名次,
S# as 学生学号,平均成绩
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成绩
FROM SC
GROUP BY S#
) AS T2
ORDER BY 平均成绩 desc;
25、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况)
代码如下：
SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 3 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC
)
ORDER BY t1.C#;
26、查询每门课程被选修的学生数
代码如下：
select c#,count(S#) from sc group by C#;
27、查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名
代码如下：
select SC.S#,Student.Sname,count(C#) AS 选课数
from SC ,Student
where SC.S#=Student.S# group by SC.S# ,Student.Sname having count(C#)=1;
28、查询男生、女生人数
代码如下：
Select count(Ssex) as 男生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='男';
Select count(Ssex) as 女生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='女';
29、查询姓“张”的学生名单
代码如下：
SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Sname like '张%';
30、查询同名同性学生名单，并统计同名人数
代码如下：
select Sname,count(*) from Student group by Sname having count(*)>1;
31、1981年出生的学生名单(注：Student表中Sage列的类型是datetime)
代码如下：
select Sname, CONVERT(char (11),DATEPART(year,Sage)) as age
from student
where CONVERT(char(11),DATEPART(year,Sage))='1981';
32、查询每门课程的平均成绩，结果按平均成绩升序排列，平均成绩相同时，按课程号降序排列
代码如下：
Select C#,Avg(score) from SC group by C# order by Avg(score),C# DESC ;
33、查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
代码如下：
select Sname,SC.S# ,avg(score)
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# group by SC.S#,Sname having avg(score)>85;
34、查询课程名称为“数据库”，且分数低于60的学生姓名和分数
代码如下：
Select Sname,isnull(score,0)
from Student,SC,Course
where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# and Course.Cname='数据库'and score <60;
35、查询所有学生的选课情况;
代码如下：
SELECT SC.S#,SC.C#,Sname,Cname
FROM SC,Student,Course
where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# ;
36、查询任何一门课程成绩在70分以上的姓名、课程名称和分数;
代码如下：
SELECT distinct student.S#,student.Sname,SC.C#,SC.score
FROM student,Sc
WHERE SC.score>=70 AND SC.S#=student.S#;
37、查询不及格的课程，并按课程号从大到小排列
代码如下：
select c# from sc where scor e <60 order by C# ;
38、查询课程编号为003且课程成绩在80分以上的学生的学号和姓名;
代码如下：
select SC.S#,Student.Sname from SC,Student where SC.S#=Student.S# and Score>80 and C#='003';
39、求选了课程的学生人数
代码如下：
select count(*) from sc;
40、查询选修“叶平”老师所授课程的学生中，成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩
代码如下：
select Student.Sname,score
from Student,SC,Course C,Teacher
where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平' and SC.score=(select max(score)from SC where C#=C.C# );
41、查询各个课程及相应的选修人数
代码如下：
select count(*) from sc group by C#;
42、查询不同课程成绩相同的学生的学号、课程号、学生成绩
代码如下：
select distinct A.S#,B.score from SC A ,SC B where A.Score=B.Score and A.C# <>B.C# ;
43、查询每门功成绩最好的前两名
代码如下：
SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 2 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC
)
ORDER BY t1.C#;
44、统计每门课程的学生选修人数(超过10人的课程才统计)。要求输出课程号和选修人数，查询结果按人数降序排列，查询结果按人数降序排列，若人数相同，按课程号升序排列
代码如下：
select C# as 课程号,count(*) as 人数
from sc
group by C#
order by count(*) desc,c#
45、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号
代码如下：
select S#
from sc
group by s#
having count(*) > = 2
46、查询全部学生都选修的课程的课程号和课程名
代码如下：
select C#,Cname
from Course
where C# in (select c# from sc group by c#)
47、查询没学过“叶平”老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名
代码如下：
select Sname from Student where S# not in (select S# from Course,Teacher,SC where Course.T#=Teacher.T# and SC.C#=course.C# and Tname='叶平');
48、查询两门以上不及格课程的同学的学号及其平均成绩
代码如下：
select S#,avg(isnull(score,0)) from SC where S# in (select S# from SC where score <60 group by S# having count(*)>2)group by S#;
49、检索“004”课程分数小于60，按分数降序排列的同学学号
代码如下：
select S# from SC where C#='004'and score <60 order by score desc;
50、删除“002”同学的“001”课程的成绩
代码如下：
delete from Sc where S#='001'and C#='001';
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